今天来分享这个高频面试题,5分钟搞懂“为什么MySQL不建议使用NULL作为列默认值? ”。
对于这个问题,通常能听到的答案是“使用了 NULL 值的列会使索引失效”,但是如果实际测试过一下,你就知道 IS NULL 会使用索引,所以上述说法存在缺陷。
着急的人拉到最下边看结论。
前言
Null 是列的特殊约束。如果在创建表时没有明确定义带有“not null”关键字的列,那么表中的列就会被添加空约束。很多程序员喜欢默认定义列,因为这样方便(减少为空的判断代码)从而导致查询存在一定的不确定性,数据库性能较差。
NULL值是一种对列的特殊约束,我们创建一个新列时,如果没有明确的使用关键字not null声明该数据列,Mysql会默认为我们添加上NULL约束。有些开发人员在创建数据表时,由于懒惰直接使用Mysql的默认推荐设置(即允许字段使用NULL值)。而这种陋习很容易在使用NULL的场景中指定不确定的查询结果以及导致数据库性能的崩溃。
介绍
null就是null意味着什么都没有,我们不能认为null等于'',它们是完全不同的。MySQL提供了三个操作符来处理空值:“IS NULL”、“IS NOT NULL”、“<=>”和一个函数ifnull()。IS NULL:如果列值为空,则返回 true。IS NOT NULL:如果列值不为空,则返回 true。<=>:它是一个比较运算符,与“=”类似但不相同。即使对于两个空值也返回 true。(例如,null <=> null 是合法的) IFNULL():指定两个输入参数,如果第一个为空值则返回第二个。它与 Oracle 的 NVL() 函数类似。
NULL并不代表什么都没有,我们要注意NULL跟''(空值)是两个完全不一样的值。MySQL中可以操作NULL值操作符主要有三个。
一片空白
不为空
<=>太空船符操作,这个操作符很像=,select NULL<=>NULL可以返回true,但是select NULL=NULL返回false。
IFNULL 一个函数。怎么用自己查吧……其实我会了
例子
当与除 null 和“<=>”之外的任何其他值进行比较时,Null 永远不会返回 true。
NULL通过任一操作符与其他值比较都会得到NULL,除了<=>。
(root@localhost mysql3306.sock)[zlm]>create table test_null(
-> id int not null,
-> name varchar(10)
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
(root@localhost mysql3306.sock)[zlm]>insert into test_null values(1,'zlm');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
(root@localhost mysql3306.sock)[zlm]>insert into test_null values(2,null);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
(root@localhost mysql3306.sock)[zlm]>select * from test_null;
+----+------+
| id | name |
+----+------+
| 1 | zlm |
| 2 | NULL |
+----+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
(root@localhost mysql3306.sock)[zlm]>select * from test_null where name=null;
Empty set (0.00 sec)
(root@localhost mysql3306.sock)[zlm]>select * from test_null where name is null;
+----+------+
| id | name |
+----+------+
| 2 | NULL |
+----+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
(root@localhost mysql3306.sock)[zlm]>select * from test_null where name is not null;
+----+------+
| id | name |
+----+------+
| 1 | zlm |
+----+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
(root@localhost mysql3306.sock)[zlm]>select * from test_null where null=null;
Empty set (0.00 sec)
(root@localhost mysql3306.sock)[zlm]>select * from test_null where null<>null;
Empty set (0.00 sec)
(root@localhost mysql3306.sock)[zlm]>select * from test_null where null<=>null;
+----+------+
| id | name |
+----+------+
| 1 | zlm |
| 2 | NULL |
+----+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
//null<=>null always return true,it's equal to "where 1=1".
Null 的意思是“缺失且未知的值”。让我们看看下面的详细信息。
NULL代表一个不确定的值,即使是两个NULL,它俩也不一定能够。(不像C中未初始化的局部变量)
(root@localhost mysql3306.sock)[zlm]>SELECT 0 IS NULL, 0 IS NOT NULL, '' IS NULL, '' IS NOT NULL;
+-----------+---------------+------------+----------------+
| 0 IS NULL | 0 IS NOT NULL | '' IS NULL | '' IS NOT NULL |
+-----------+---------------+------------+----------------+
| 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
+-----------+---------------+------------+----------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
//It's not equal to zero number or vacant string.
//In MySQL,0 means fasle,1 means true.
(root@localhost mysql3306.sock)[zlm]>SELECT 1 = NULL, 1 <> NULL, 1 < NULL, 1 > NULL;
+----------+-----------+----------+----------+
| 1 = NULL | 1 <> NULL | 1 < NULL | 1 > NULL |
+----------+-----------+----------+----------+
| NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL |
+----------+-----------+----------+----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
//It cannot be compared with number.
//In MySQL,null means false,too.
如果任何表达式包含 null 值,则结果为 null。
任何有返回值的表达式有NULL参与时,都会得到另外一个NULL值。
(root@localhost mysql3306.sock)[zlm]>select ifnull(null,'First is null'),ifnull(null+10,'First is null'),ifnull(concat('abc',null),'First is null');
+------------------------------+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| ifnull(null,'First is null') | ifnull(null+10,'First is null') | ifnull(concat('abc',null),'First is null') |
+------------------------------+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| First is null | First is null | First is null |
+------------------------------+---------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
//null value needs to be disposed with ifnull() function,what usually causes sql statement more complex.
//As we all know,MySQL does not support funcion index.Therefore,indexes on the column may not be used.That's really worse.
使用 count(*) 和 count(null column) 时有所不同。
使用count(*)或者count(null column)结果不同,count(null column)<=count(*)。
(root@localhost mysql3306.sock)[zlm]>select count(*),count(name) from test_null;
+----------+-------------+
| count(*) | count(name) |
+----------+-------------+
| 2 | 1 |
+----------+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
//count(*) returns all rows ignore the null while count(name) returns the non-null rows in column "name".
//This will also leads to uncertainty if someone is unaware of the details above.
当使用distinct、group by、order by时,所有空值都被视为相同的值。
虽然select NULL=NULL的结果为false,但是在我们使用distinct、group by、order by时,NULL又被认为是相同的值。
(root@localhost mysql3306.sock)[zlm]>insert into test_null values(3,null);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
(root@localhost mysql3306.sock)[zlm]>select distinct name from test_null;
+------+
| name |
+------+
| zlm |
| NULL |
+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
//Two rows of null value returned one and the result became two.
(root@localhost mysql3306.sock)[zlm]>select name from test_null group by name;
+------+
| name |
+------+
| NULL |
| zlm |
+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
//Two rows of null value were put into the same group.
//By default,group by will also sort the result(null row showed first).
(root@localhost mysql3306.sock)[zlm]>select id,name from test_null order by name;
+----+------+
| id | name |
+----+------+
| 2 | NULL |
| 3 | NULL |
| 1 | zlm |
+----+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
//Three rows were sorted(two null rows showed first).
MySQL支持在包含空值的列上使用索引(与oracle不同)。
MySQL中支持在含有NULL值的列上使用索引,但是Oracle不支持。这就是我们平时所说的如果列上含有NULL那么就会使索引失效。
严格来说,这句话对于 MySQL 来说是不准确的。
(root mysql3306.sock)[sysbench]>show tables;
+--------------------+
| Tables_in_sysbench |
+--------------------+
| sbtest1 |
| sbtest10 |
| sbtest2 |
| sbtest3 |
| sbtest4 |
| sbtest5 |
| sbtest6 |
| sbtest7 |
| sbtest8 |
| sbtest9 |
+--------------------+
10 rows in set (0.00 sec)
(root mysql3306.sock)[sysbench]>show create table sbtest1\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Table: sbtest1
Create Table: CREATE TABLE `sbtest1` (
`id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`k` int(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
`c` char(120) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`pad` char(60) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
KEY `k_1` (`k`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=100001 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
(rootnull,modify c char(120) null,modify pad char(60) null; mysql3306.sock)[sysbench]>alter table sbtest1 modify k int
Query OK, 0 rows affected (4.14 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
(root100001,null,null,null); mysql3306.sock)[sysbench]>insert into sbtest1 values(
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
(rootfrom sbtest1 where id=100001; mysql3306.sock)[sysbench]>explain select id,k
+----+-------------+---------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+---------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | sbtest1 | NULL | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | const | 1 | 100.00 | NULL |
+----+-------------+---------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
(rootfrom sbtest1 where k is null; mysql3306.sock)[sysbench]>explain select id,k
+----+-------------+---------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+-------+------+----------+--------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+---------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+-------+------+----------+--------------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | sbtest1 | NULL | ref | k_1 | k_1 | 5 | const | 1 | 100.00 | Using where; Using index |
+----+-------------+---------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+-------+------+----------+--------------------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
//In the first query,the newly added row is retrieved by primary key.
//In the second query,the newly added row is retrieved by secondary key "k_1"
//It has been proved that indexes can be used on the columns which contain null value.
//column "k" is int datatype which occupies 4 bytes,but the value of "key_len" turn out to be 5.what's happed?Because null value needs 1 byte to store the null flag in the rows.
这是我自己测试的例子。
mysql> select * from test_1;
+-----------+------+------+
| name | code | id |
+-----------+------+------+
| gaoyi | wo | 1 |
| gaoyi | w | 2 |
| chuzhong | wo | 3 |
| chuzhong | w | 4 |
| xiaoxue | dd | 5 |
| xiaoxue | dfdf | 6 |
| sujianhui | su | 99 |
| sujianhui | NULL | 99 |
+-----------+------+------+
8 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> explain select * from test_1 where code is NULL;
+----+-------------+--------+------------+------+---------------+------------+---------+-------+------+----------+-----------------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------+------------+------+---------------+------------+---------+-------+------+----------+-----------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | test_1 | NULL | ref | index_code | index_code | 161 | const | 1 | 100.00 | Using index condition |
+----+-------------+--------+------------+------+---------------+------------+---------+-------+------+----------+-----------------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
mysql> explain select * from test_1 where code is not NULL;
+----+-------------+--------+------------+-------+---------------+------------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------+------------+-------+---------------+------------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | test_1 | NULL | range | index_code | index_code | 161 | NULL | 7 | 100.00 | Using index condition |
+----+-------------+--------+------------+-------+---------------+------------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
mysql> explain select * from test_1 where code='dd';
+----+-------------+--------+------------+------+---------------+------------+---------+-------+------+----------+-----------------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------+------------+------+---------------+------------+---------+-------+------+----------+-----------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | test_1 | NULL | ref | index_code | index_code | 161 | const | 1 | 100.00 | Using index condition |
+----+-------------+--------+------------+------+---------------+------------+---------+-------+------+----------+-----------------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
mysql> explain select * from test_1 where code like "dd%";
+----+-------------+--------+------------+-------+---------------+------------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------+------------+-------+---------------+------------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | test_1 | NULL | range | index_code | index_code | 161 | NULL | 1 | 100.00 | Using index condition |
+----+-------------+--------+------------+-------+---------------+------------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
总结
空值在处理sql语句时总是会带来很多不确定性,一不小心可能会导致性能下降。
列中使用NULL值很容易引发不受控制的事情发生,有时还会严重拖慢系统的性能。
例如:
聚合函数()中不会估计空值,这可能会导致结果不准确。
对含有NULL值的列进行统计计算,eg. count()、max()、min(),结果没有达到我们的期望值。
空值会影响“distinct”、“group by”、“order by”等操作的行为,从而导致错误排序。
任务排序,分组,去重结果。
Null值需要ifnull()函数进行判断,使得程序代码更加复杂。
有时为了消除 NULL 带来的技术债务,我们需要在 SQL 中使用 IFNULL() 来确保结果可控,但这会使程序变得复杂。
Null 值需要额外的 1 个字节来存储行中的 Null 信息。
NULL值并占用了原有的字段空间存储,另外申请了一个字节去标注,这个字段添加了NULL约束(就像附加的标志位一样)。
由于上述缺点,不建议定义默认为 null 的列。我们建议在所有列上定义“not null”,并使用零数字和空字符串来替换相关的null数据类型。
根据以上缺点,我们并不推荐在列中设置 NULL 作为列的默认值,你可以使用 NOT NULL 消除默认设置,使用 0 或者''空字符串来代替 NULL。
译者丨广州 来源丨公众号:JavaGuide(ID:JavaGuide)
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