请停止在 Java 中使用 if-else 语句

场长

编程语言 0 193 2024-09-05 06:27:02

导读：

反 IF 编程方法由 Francesco Cirillo 于 2007 年发起，它改变了许多人对软件设计中的 IF 和条件句的看法。

软件设计的核心是一种简单但潜在危险的工具：条件“IF”语句。不可否认，它的基础性在于，它用于处理增长环境中的变化，被称为“IF 策略”，它可能是一个无声的破坏者，使代码复杂化和逻辑混乱。

IF 策略可能导致调试问题、从未交付的用户故事、技术债务、纠结的设计、团队中的摩擦和其他低效率。

从本质上讲，IF 策略会增加成本并延迟软件交付时间，同时降低内部质量。

有一个传说中古老的遗留系统，我的同事从上到下编码了数千行，每个块都添加了几个 if then java 部分来做路由，我感觉自己被困在一个陌生的仙境中。

在这篇文章中，我将向大家展示如何优化 if-else 的使用，限制具有太多分支条件的代码，并使我们的 Java 代码更易于阅读和理解。

代码片段包含太多 if-else 语句

在深入研究优化细节之前，让我们使用一个包含多个 if else 条件的示例演示 Java 代码，然后以各种方式对其进行优化：

public class ShippingCostCalculator {    public double calculateShippingCost(String shippingType, double weight) {        if (shippingType.equals("STANDARD")) {            return weight * 5.0;        } else if (shippingType.equals("EXPRESS")) {            return weight * 10.0;        } else if (shippingType.equals("SAME_DAY")) {            return weight * 20.0;        } else if (shippingType.equals("INTERNATIONAL")) {            return weight * 50.0;        } else if (shippingType.equals("OVERNIGHT")) {            return weight * 30.0;        }        return 0;    }}

如各位所见，上面的代码功能是根据快递类型计算运费。

使用枚举进行优化

现在，我们将使用Enum来替换语句if-else：

public enum ShippingType {    STANDARD {        @Override        public double getCost(double weight) {            return weight * 5.0;        }    },    EXPRESS {        @Override        public double getCost(double weight) {            return weight * 10.0;        }    },    SAME_DAY {        @Override        public double getCost(double weight) {            return weight * 20.0;        }    },    INTERNATIONAL {        @Override        public double getCost(double weight) {            return weight * 50.0;        }    },    OVERNIGHT {        @Override        public double getCost(double weight) {            return weight * 30.0;        }    };
    public abstract double getCost(double weight);}

public class ShippingCostCalculator {
    public double calculateShippingCost(ShippingType shippingType, double weight) {        return shippingType.getCost(weight);    }}

public class MainCost {    public static void main(String[] args) {        var calculator = new ShippingCostCalculator();        var cost = calculator.calculateShippingCost(ShippingType.EXPRESS, 2.5);        System.out.println("Shipping cost: " + cost);    }}

可以看到，复杂的 if-else 语句被简化成了两行简短、直接的代码。运行 main 函数，查看结果。

优势：

可扩展性：添加新的运输类型和值。枚举并定义处理方法。
可维护且可理解的代码：每种传输方法的原因都是独立的且易于理解。

然而，使用Enum也有一些明显的缺点，您应该考虑：

可扩展性：添加新的运输类型和值。枚举并定义处理方法。
难以添加新参数：当需要更多参数时，Enum 不太适合，并且代码变得繁琐。
继承限制：Enum不能从其他类继承，这降低了它们重用逻辑的潜力。

使用 Enum 进行优化通常适用于参数较少的简单情况。

使用工厂模式进行优化

还是上面乱七八糟的代码，我们按照如下方式进行优化：

创建接口 ShippingCostStrategy

public interface ShippingCostStrategy {    double calculate(double weight);}

现在我们将创建一个工厂类来处理基于运输类型的策略路由：

import java.util.HashMap;import java.util.Map;
public class ShippingCostFactory {    private static final Map strategies = new HashMap<>();
    static {        strategies.put("STANDARD", new StandardShipping());        strategies.put("EXPRESS", new ExpressShipping());        strategies.put("SAME_DAY", new SameDayShipping());        strategies.put("INTERNATIONAL", new InternationalShipping());        strategies.put("OVERNIGHT", new OvernightShipping());    }
    public static ShippingCostStrategy getStrategy(String shippingType) {        ShippingCostStrategy strategy = strategies.get(shippingType);        if (strategy == null) {            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid shipping type: " + shippingType);        }        return strategy;    }}

现在只需调用并使用它。

public class ShippingCostCalculator {    public double calculateShippingCost(String shippingType, double weight) {        ShippingCostStrategy strategy = ShippingCostFactory.getStrategy(shippingType);        return strategy.calculate(weight);    }}

工厂模式的优点：

易于扩展：只需开发附加类并更新工厂即可添加新的交付类型，而无需更改核心代码。
逻辑分离：收费逻辑是独立的，易于管理和维护。
灵活性：工厂可能会根据其他因素返回多个解决方案，从而提高灵活性。

使用策略模式进行优化

在我们详细讨论之前，请记住，实现方式与工厂类似，但使用目的略有不同：

public interface ShippingCostStrategy {    double calculate(double weight);}

public class StandardShipping implements ShippingCostStrategy {    @Override    public double calculate(double weight) {        return weight * 5.0;    }}
public class ExpressShipping implements ShippingCostStrategy {    @Override    public double calculate(double weight) {        return weight * 10.0;    }}
public class SameDayShipping implements ShippingCostStrategy {    @Override    public double calculate(double weight) {        return weight * 20.0;    }}
public class InternationalShipping implements ShippingCostStrategy {    @Override    public double calculate(double weight) {        return weight * 50.0;    }}
public class OvernightShipping implements ShippingCostStrategy {    @Override    public double calculate(double weight) {        return weight * 30.0;    }}

现在我们将创建 ShippingContext 来管理策略。

public class ShippingCostContext {    private ShippingCostStrategy strategy;
    public void setStrategy(ShippingCostStrategy strategy) {        this.strategy = strategy;    }
    public double calculateShippingCost(double weight) {        return strategy.calculate(weight);    }}

import java.util.HashMap;import java.util.Map;
public class ShippingCostCalculator {
    private static final Map strategies = new HashMap<>();
    static {        strategies.put("STANDARD", new StandardShipping());        strategies.put("EXPRESS", new ExpressShipping());        strategies.put("SAME_DAY", new SameDayShipping());        strategies.put("INTERNATIONAL", new InternationalShipping());        strategies.put("OVERNIGHT", new OvernightShipping());    }
    private final ShippingCostContext context = new ShippingCostContext();
    public double calculateShippingCost(String shippingType, double weight) {        ShippingCostStrategy strategy = strategies.get(shippingType);        if (strategy == null) {            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid shipping type: " + shippingType);        }        context.setStrategy(strategy);        return context.calculateShippingCost(weight);    }}

现在，把它放进主类里面使用。

public class MainCost {
    public static void main(String[] args)         ShippingCostCalculator calculator = new ShippingCostCalculator();
        double weight = 10.0;
        String shippingType1 = "STANDARD";        double cost1 = calculator.calculateShippingCost(shippingType1, weight);        System.out.println("Shipping cost for " + shippingType1 + ": " + cost1);
        String shippingType2 = "EXPRESS";        double cost2 = calculator.calculateShippingCost(shippingType2, weight);        System.out.println("Shipping cost for " + shippingType2 + ": " + cost2);
        String shippingType3 = "SAME_DAY";        double cost3 = calculator.calculateShippingCost(shippingType3, weight);        System.out.println("Shipping cost for " + shippingType3 + ": " + cost3);
        String shippingType4 = "INTERNATIONAL";        double cost4 = calculator.calculateShippingCost(shippingType4, weight);        System.out.println("Shipping cost for " + shippingType4 + ": " + cost4);
        String shippingType5 = "OVERNIGHT";        double cost5 = calculator.calculateShippingCost(shippingType5, weight);        System.out.println("Shipping cost for " + shippingType5 + ": " + cost5);    }
}

在前两种情况下，策略模式管理如何计算运输成本，而工厂模式根据运输类型决定采用哪种策略。

使用 Stream API 和 Map 进行优化

import java.util.HashMap;import java.util.Map;
public class ShippingCostCalculator {
    private static final Map shippingCosts = new HashMap<>();
    static {        shippingCosts.put("STANDARD", 5.0);        shippingCosts.put("EXPRESS", 10.0);        shippingCosts.put("SAME_DAY", 20.0);        shippingCosts.put("INTERNATIONAL", 50.0);        shippingCosts.put("OVERNIGHT", 30.0);    }
    public double calculateShippingCost(String shippingType, double weight) {        return shippingCosts.entrySet().stream()            .filter(entry -> entry.getKey().equalsIgnoreCase(shippingType))            .map(Map.Entry::getValue)            .findFirst()            .orElse(0.0)            * weight;     }
    public static void main(String[] args) {        ShippingCostCalculator calculator = new ShippingCostCalculator();
        double weight = 10.0;
        String shippingType1 = "STANDARD";        double cost1 = calculator.calculateShippingCost(shippingType1, weight);        System.out.println("Shipping cost for " + shippingType1 + ": " + cost1);
        String shippingType2 = "EXPRESS";        double cost2 = calculator.calculateShippingCost(shippingType2, weight);        System.out.println("Shipping cost for " + shippingType2 + ": " + cost2);
        String shippingType3 = "SAME_DAY";        double cost3 = calculator.calculateShippingCost(shippingType3, weight);        System.out.println("Shipping cost for " + shippingType3 + ": " + cost3);
        String shippingType4 = "INTERNATIONAL";        double cost4 = calculator.calculateShippingCost(shippingType4, weight);        System.out.println("Shipping cost for " + shippingType4 + ": " + cost4);
        String shippingType5 = "OVERNIGHT";        double cost5 = calculator.calculateShippingCost(shippingType5, weight);        System.out.println("Shipping cost for " + shippingType5 + ": " + cost5);
        String invalidType = "INVALID";        double invalidCost = calculator.calculateShippingCost(invalidType, weight);        System.out.println("Shipping cost for " + invalidType + ": " + invalidCost);    }}